Live·Open questions in longevity research
Questions

Find genuinely new, falsifiable hypotheses in empirical memetics and recommend the most promising theories and experiments. Interpret memetics as the transmission, transformation, competition and persistence of cultural information, including internet memes, narratives and cultural practices. Produce a research agenda, not a campaign to manipulate people. Identify the unresolved mechanisms using cultural evolution, cognitive science, network science, information theory and computational social science, including changes introduced by recommendation algorithms and generative AI. Distinguish established theories from new conjectures and check whether each proposed mechanism is already known under another name. Prioritize approximately five hypothesis families by substantive scientific novelty, explanatory power, discriminating testability, feasibility and expected information gain; rank the best first experiment. For each shortlisted theory give an operational definition of the transmitted unit, a causal mechanism or formal model, plausible competing explanations, contrasting quantitative predictions, a decisive experiment with manipulations and controls, measurable primary outcomes, power-analysis inputs rather than invented sample-size precision, major confounds and a result that would falsify the theory. Separate reach, copying fidelity, semantic change, adoption and persistence. Include both an affordable initial experiment and the stronger validation needed for a general claim. Assess what existing primary evidence actually establishes; do not call plausible extensions proven discoveries. User request in Russian: «хочу найти новые гипотезы в сфере меметиков; предложи самые перспективные эксперименты и теории». Return published question and hypothesis pages, complete Russian versions and English originals, with poster sheets.

Can meaning changes in human–machine retellings be predicted?

The question as the research states itCan separate human and model rewriting rules predict meaning across alternating rewrites, or does remembered interaction history change it?

A rewriting step changes the material that the next participant receives, so small changes can accumulate as a story or other cultural item passes through a sequence. If separately measured rewriting rules explain that accumulation, apparent effects of repeated human–model interaction could follow from the familiar changes each participant makes at each turn.

The whole reason

If retained earlier interactions also change later outputs after the present conditions are matched, a prediction based only on the current material would omit a cause of subsequent meaning. Confusing those possibilities would either assign an extra mechanism to effects already explained by the individual rewriting steps or overlook information from the past that the explanation needs. The question concerns changes in meaning; an answer would not by itself establish how widely material spreads, whether people accept it or how long it lasts.

The question in full

The question concerns how meaning changes when a person and a text-generating computer model take turns rewriting material, with each output becoming the next input. It asks whether rules measured separately for human and model rewriting can predict the meanings of later outputs in sequences not used to measure those rules. The competing possibility is that retaining records of earlier interactions changes later outputs even when the material currently being rewritten, the available resources and the immediate instructions or framing are matched. The accompanying gap description assumes that existing findings about repeated rewriting by an unchanged model, its preferred kinds of content and controls for resources do not settle this comparison; no sources supporting that description were supplied. Its stated standard for a distinct history effect is a difference beyond a meaningful margin specified in advance, together with predictions checked on sequences withheld from the original measurements.

Competing hypotheses

These hypotheses propose different mechanisms. Comparing their predictions helps identify observations that could distinguish them.

  1. 01Successful model prediction may prompt humans to evade its next story reconstructionReturning retellers may choose edits that evade a familiar model’s next reconstruction, even with equally original immediate meanings. Reject the extra mechanism if calibrated reactance and novelty-seeking predict the partner-specific crossover, or a precise test finds no crossover.
  2. 02Mutual timing resets may steer meaning in human–model retelling chainsInteraction history may set when humans and models commit to a meaning, so identical source texts develop differently. Reject this timing mechanism if separately measured boundary and memory effects explain the response, or if a repeatable phase or mutual timing reset is absent.
  3. 03Lost quotation scope may turn story fragments into self-reinforcing model instructionsIn human–model editing chains, lost quotation scope may turn story text into instructions whose execution encourages further scope loss. The distinct feedback claim fails if independently measured human conversion and model instruction-following processes predict the held-out effect.
  4. 04Mistaken choice summaries may reinforce human preferences through repeated justificationIn human–model retelling, justifying a misreported choice may rebuild a preference that the model then reinforces. Accurate choice receipts should weaken the effect; prediction by separately measured choice and model processes would reject an additional feedback mechanism.
Each entry represents a published hypothesis. Where no hypotheses are published yet, the entries show possible answers to the scientific question.

What results would tell us about the hypotheses

Choose a possible result to see which hypothesis it would support, what the alternatives predict, and what would need to be tested next.

If we observe
During history acquisition, randomize feedback showing that the partner anticipated a participant's previous semantic move versus equally accurate feedback about someone else's move; match words, accuracy, valence, exposure and immediate test framing using counterbalanced histories. Separately estimate ordinary algorithm reactance, general novelty-seeking and single-step source-conditioned rewriting under these histories. At the common-parent probe, use two frozen partners A and B preselected to undo different semantic edits, matched on accuracy and perceived reliability. The strong prediction is a crossover: humans with A-history choose edit y_A rather than y_B, despite equal immediate semantic distance and rated originality, and this ranking reverses with B-history; the choice specifically maximizes divergence after the NEXT model step. Switching the real next-step partner while keeping the historical partner cue fixed destroys the two-step advantage. Matched low-threat, non-evaluative conditions retain the crossover after measured reactance is calibrated. Merely writing more novel text or avoiding an AI label does not count. A null composed of individually measured reactance/novelty policies and partner-specific K_M that predicts the crossover within delta removes the extra mechanism; so does absence of the two-step crossover with a narrow interval. A strong history effect abolished only by factual choice receipts instead favors another hypothesis of the same gap. Hypothetical result
Would support the hypothesis
Successful model prediction may prompt humans to evade its next story reconstruction — Returning retellers may choose edits that evade a familiar model’s next reconstruction, even with equally original immediate meanings. Reject the extra mechanism if calibrated reactance and novelty-seeking predict the partner-specific crossover, or a precise test finds no crossover.
Other hypotheses predict
  • Mutual timing resets may steer meaning in human–model retelling chains — First estimate individual boundary-response and temporal-memory effects with scripted, open-loop sequences, and model segmentation kernels with timestamp-blind prompts. Then form coupled alternating chains and deliver identical, semantically neutral boundary cues in regular versus phase-jittered schedules, matching the cue count, total time, distribution of intervals, reading dose and source content; randomize schedule order independently of text. Estimate phase from separate boundary reports or preregistered behavioral cycles, never from the semantic effect one intends to explain. In common-parent replay, the coupled model predicts a phase-response curve with reset-sensitive and insensitive windows and a selective loss of semantic-state locking when reciprocal cue contingency is broken. Timing shifts of the model boundary must shift the HUMAN phase and later semantic transition peaks, while shifts of human boundary timing must shift the model's subsequent segmentation; one-way timing sensitivity is insufficient. The crucial observable is held-out phase-specific SPV_4 transition probability beyond composition of independently measured event-boundary/spacing kernels. If such augmented component kernels account for the entire response, or no reproducible phase variable or reciprocal reset exists, discard the proposed family. A mere oscillation in average story sentiment is not evidence. If a control/data wrapper eliminates the effect while phase perturbation does not, another hypothesis of the same gap wins.
  • Lost quotation scope may turn story fragments into self-reinforcing model instructions — Use harmless fictional quoted requests and editing-as-dialogue examples, never live tools or harmful instructions. At a common-parent probe, cross human continuity with retained model history. Compare the same historical words carried in explicit quoted-data records versus an ordinary conversational history wrapper; match wrapper length and position with neutral padding, and separately estimate wrapper effects on uncomplicated texts. another hypothesis of the same gap predicts that the residual history effect concentrates at the MODEL step, transfers with the historical scope-bearing text to a replacement human, and is sharply reduced by a verified instruction/data boundary without deleting the old semantic information. Human choice receipts alone have little effect after text exposure is matched. Reconstruct the scope-loss sequence from logs, then independently estimate H scope-conversion and M instruction-following kernels on the same input support. A closed-loop held-out excess in conversion probability must depend on both links: severing either historical quote-to-guidance conversion or model execution removes it. If these component kernels accurately compose, report ordinary prompt-injection susceptibility rather than a new recursion family. If no naturally arising scope conversion occurs, the endogenous hypothesis is falsified even if deliberately planted injections work. Phase jitter with intact scope should not selectively abolish this effect, unlike another hypothesis of the same gap.
  • Mistaken choice summaries may reinforce human preferences through repeated justification — Randomize, during history acquisition, whether a model's summary accurately or incorrectly records which of two equally plausible neutral interpretations the human chose. Cross this with producing a reason for the recorded decision versus a matched factual-description task; match words, task time and number of choices, and include passive readers given the same account and rationale. At the identical-parent probe, randomize a verbatim receipt of the person's original click/choice versus an equally long non-diagnostic history receipt, then make a private, unrewarded interpretation choice and a subsequent retelling. The specific prediction is a substitution-by-self-justification effect on the private interpretation criterion and SPV_4 that is reduced by an accurate decision receipt; generic false information exposure without self-justification is weaker after calibration. Continue through a frozen model with factual narrative sources unchanged. A new-family claim additionally requires reciprocal adaptation of the model's inferred criterion to account for an effect beyond separately measured choice blindness, self-perception, source-monitoring and sycophancy kernels, including active versus yoked exposure controls. Accurate prospective composition eliminates the extra family even if ordinary choice blindness remains. If preserving quoted-data scope in model history alone removes the effect while authentic decision receipts do not, another hypothesis of the same gap wins. A receipt-sensitive effect without any own-choice/rationale interaction supports ordinary source monitoring and does not satisfy this candidate.
What to check next
Do independently measured human and model rewriting rules predict later meanings in alternating sequences, and does retained interaction history change those meanings when current material, resources and immediate framing are matched?

These are hypothetical results. Selecting one shows what would follow from it; it does not confirm a hypothesis or change its assessment.

Comparing hypotheses

Compare the proposed mechanisms, the predictions that distinguish the hypotheses, and the observations that would count against each one.

01

Successful model prediction may prompt humans to evade its next story reconstruction

Anticipatory semantic evasion
Proposed mechanism

Returning retellers may choose edits that evade a familiar model’s next reconstruction, even with equally original immediate meanings.

Full text

HERETICAL CANDIDATE: a returning human edits a story to defeat the particular model's future reconstruction, rather than to preserve the source, agree with the model, or simply generate unusual wording. Successful anticipation by the model becomes a negative objective even when no ownership claim, public evaluation or adversarial reward is present. The distinctive dependency is two-step and lineage-conditioned: after learning which semantic edits the partner neutralizes, the human chooses an edit whose immediate meaning can be ordinary but whose next model descendant is maximally unpredictable under that partner's learned reconstruction. Let h be the shared lineage, x the current parent, y the human rewrite, z the next model rewrite, and q_h(z|y) the human's independently elicited forecast of that partner. The proposed human policy adds a positive weight lambda_h on E[-log r_h(z)] subject to a bounded source-distortion cost, where r_h is the anticipated distribution the partner would forecast for this lineage; lambda_h grows specifically after the partner correctly anticipates the human's semantic move. This is not a claim that every reteller wants unpredictability. It predicts a conditional regime in which improved mutual predictability causes greater semantic divergence. The physical state is a human's actionable predictive model of this partner plus the model's retained textual reconstruction history. It destabilizes source-preserving SPV_4 by actively maintaining semantic novelty at the two-step descendant.

What distinguishes its prediction

During history acquisition, randomize feedback showing that the partner anticipated a participant's previous semantic move versus equally accurate feedback about someone else's move; match words, accuracy, valence, exposure and immediate test framing using counterbalanced histories.

Full text

Separately estimate ordinary algorithm reactance, general novelty-seeking and single-step source-conditioned rewriting under these histories. At the common-parent probe, use two frozen partners A and B preselected to undo different semantic edits, matched on accuracy and perceived reliability. The strong prediction is a crossover: humans with A-history choose edit y_A rather than y_B, despite equal immediate semantic distance and rated originality, and this ranking reverses with B-history; the choice specifically maximizes divergence after the NEXT model step. Switching the real next-step partner while keeping the historical partner cue fixed destroys the two-step advantage. Matched low-threat, non-evaluative conditions retain the crossover after measured reactance is calibrated. Merely writing more novel text or avoiding an AI label does not count. A null composed of individually measured reactance/novelty policies and partner-specific K_M that predicts the crossover within delta removes the extra mechanism; so does absence of the two-step crossover with a narrow interval. A strong history effect abolished only by factual choice receipts instead favors IH_04.

What would weaken the hypothesis

Mutual timing resets may steer meaning in human–model retelling chains predicts instead: First estimate individual boundary-response and temporal-memory effects with scripted, open-loop sequences, and model segmentation kernels with timestamp-blind prompts.

Full text

Then form coupled alternating chains and deliver identical, semantically neutral boundary cues in regular versus phase-jittered schedules, matching the cue count, total time, distribution of intervals, reading dose and source content; randomize schedule order independently of text. Estimate phase from separate boundary reports or preregistered behavioral cycles, never from the semantic effect one intends to explain. In common-parent replay, the coupled model predicts a phase-response curve with reset-sensitive and insensitive windows and a selective loss of semantic-state locking when reciprocal cue contingency is broken. Timing shifts of the model boundary must shift the HUMAN phase and later semantic transition peaks, while shifts of human boundary timing must shift the model's subsequent segmentation; one-way timing sensitivity is insufficient. The crucial observable is held-out phase-specific SPV_4 transition probability beyond composition of independently measured event-boundary/spacing kernels. If such augmented component kernels account for the entire response, or no reproducible phase variable or reciprocal reset exists, discard the proposed family. A mere oscillation in average story sentiment is not evidence. If a control/data wrapper eliminates the effect while phase perturbation does not, IH_03 wins.

Lost quotation scope may turn story fragments into self-reinforcing model instructions predicts instead: Use harmless fictional quoted requests and editing-as-dialogue examples, never live tools or harmful instructions. At a common-parent probe, cross human continuity with retained model history. Compare the same historical words carried in explicit quoted-data records versus an ordinary conversational history wrapper; match wrapper length and position with neutral padding, and separately estimate wrapper effects on uncomplicated texts. IH_03 predicts that the residual history effect concentrates at the MODEL step, transfers with the historical scope-bearing text to a replacement human, and is sharply reduced by a verified instruction/data boundary without deleting the old semantic information. Human choice receipts alone have little effect after text exposure is matched. Reconstruct the scope-loss sequence from logs, then independently estimate H scope-conversion and M instruction-following kernels on the same input support. A closed-loop held-out excess in conversion probability must depend on both links: severing either historical quote-to-guidance conversion or model execution removes it. If these component kernels accurately compose, report ordinary prompt-injection susceptibility rather than a new recursion family. If no naturally arising scope conversion occurs, the endogenous hypothesis is falsified even if deliberately planted injections work. Phase jitter with intact scope should not selectively abolish this effect, unlike IH_02.

Mistaken choice summaries may reinforce human preferences through repeated justification predicts instead: Randomize, during history acquisition, whether a model's summary accurately or incorrectly records which of two equally plausible neutral interpretations the human chose. Cross this with producing a reason for the recorded decision versus a matched factual-description task; match words, task time and number of choices, and include passive readers given the same account and rationale. At the identical-parent probe, randomize a verbatim receipt of the person's original click/choice versus an equally long non-diagnostic history receipt, then make a private, unrewarded interpretation choice and a subsequent retelling. The specific prediction is a substitution-by-self-justification effect on the private interpretation criterion and SPV_4 that is reduced by an accurate decision receipt; generic false information exposure without self-justification is weaker after calibration. Continue through a frozen model with factual narrative sources unchanged. A new-family claim additionally requires reciprocal adaptation of the model's inferred criterion to account for an effect beyond separately measured choice blindness, self-perception, source-monitoring and sycophancy kernels, including active versus yoked exposure controls. Accurate prospective composition eliminates the extra family even if ordinary choice blindness remains. If preserving quoted-data scope in model history alone removes the effect while authentic decision receipts do not, IH_03 wins. A receipt-sensitive effect without any own-choice/rationale interaction supports ordinary source monitoring and does not satisfy this candidate.

02

Mutual timing resets may steer meaning in human–model retelling chains

Temporal competence gating
Proposed mechanism

Interaction history may set when humans and models commit to a meaning, so identical source texts develop differently.

Full text

CROSS-DOMAIN TRANSFER: retained interaction history sets the phase at which an interpretation can be reassigned. A human alternates between an interpretation-updating phase and a committed retelling phase; model-generated event boundaries can reset that cycle, while human boundary placement changes the model's next segmentation. An identical parent can therefore enter a different semantic basin depending on the relative phase established by the preceding lineage, even with identical immediate instructions. The proposed extra dependency is reciprocal phase resetting of semantic competence, not merely ordinary recency, the number of rewrites, or a longer reading interval. A minimal clock-and-wavefront-inspired model has dphi_H/dt=omega_H+k_H sin(phi_M(t-tau_MH)-phi_H), dphi_M/dt=omega_M+k_M sin(phi_H(t-tau_HM)-phi_M); commitment of proposition j occurs when c_j(t) crosses threshold c_star AND phi_H lies in gate W. The model phase is an observable task/context phase, not a biological or spontaneous neural oscillator. c_j is measured interpretation uncertainty/competence for reassignment. A subsequent boundary reopens c_j only if the counterpart's boundary arrives in a reset-sensitive phase. The mechanism stabilizes a lineage-specific pattern of SPV_4 transitions by phase-dependent commitment, without requiring a different steady cognitive prior.

What distinguishes its prediction

First estimate individual boundary-response and temporal-memory effects with scripted, open-loop sequences, and model segmentation kernels with timestamp-blind prompts.

Full text

Then form coupled alternating chains and deliver identical, semantically neutral boundary cues in regular versus phase-jittered schedules, matching the cue count, total time, distribution of intervals, reading dose and source content; randomize schedule order independently of text. Estimate phase from separate boundary reports or preregistered behavioral cycles, never from the semantic effect one intends to explain. In common-parent replay, the coupled model predicts a phase-response curve with reset-sensitive and insensitive windows and a selective loss of semantic-state locking when reciprocal cue contingency is broken. Timing shifts of the model boundary must shift the HUMAN phase and later semantic transition peaks, while shifts of human boundary timing must shift the model's subsequent segmentation; one-way timing sensitivity is insufficient. The crucial observable is held-out phase-specific SPV_4 transition probability beyond composition of independently measured event-boundary/spacing kernels. If such augmented component kernels account for the entire response, or no reproducible phase variable or reciprocal reset exists, discard the proposed family. A mere oscillation in average story sentiment is not evidence. If a control/data wrapper eliminates the effect while phase perturbation does not, IH_03 wins.

What would weaken the hypothesis

Successful model prediction may prompt humans to evade its next story reconstruction predicts instead: During history acquisition, randomize feedback showing that the partner anticipated a participant's previous semantic move versus equally accurate feedback about someone else's move; match words, accuracy, valence, exposure and immediate test framing using counterbalanced histories.

Full text

Separately estimate ordinary algorithm reactance, general novelty-seeking and single-step source-conditioned rewriting under these histories. At the common-parent probe, use two frozen partners A and B preselected to undo different semantic edits, matched on accuracy and perceived reliability. The strong prediction is a crossover: humans with A-history choose edit y_A rather than y_B, despite equal immediate semantic distance and rated originality, and this ranking reverses with B-history; the choice specifically maximizes divergence after the NEXT model step. Switching the real next-step partner while keeping the historical partner cue fixed destroys the two-step advantage. Matched low-threat, non-evaluative conditions retain the crossover after measured reactance is calibrated. Merely writing more novel text or avoiding an AI label does not count. A null composed of individually measured reactance/novelty policies and partner-specific K_M that predicts the crossover within delta removes the extra mechanism; so does absence of the two-step crossover with a narrow interval. A strong history effect abolished only by factual choice receipts instead favors IH_04.

Lost quotation scope may turn story fragments into self-reinforcing model instructions predicts instead: Use harmless fictional quoted requests and editing-as-dialogue examples, never live tools or harmful instructions. At a common-parent probe, cross human continuity with retained model history. Compare the same historical words carried in explicit quoted-data records versus an ordinary conversational history wrapper; match wrapper length and position with neutral padding, and separately estimate wrapper effects on uncomplicated texts. IH_03 predicts that the residual history effect concentrates at the MODEL step, transfers with the historical scope-bearing text to a replacement human, and is sharply reduced by a verified instruction/data boundary without deleting the old semantic information. Human choice receipts alone have little effect after text exposure is matched. Reconstruct the scope-loss sequence from logs, then independently estimate H scope-conversion and M instruction-following kernels on the same input support. A closed-loop held-out excess in conversion probability must depend on both links: severing either historical quote-to-guidance conversion or model execution removes it. If these component kernels accurately compose, report ordinary prompt-injection susceptibility rather than a new recursion family. If no naturally arising scope conversion occurs, the endogenous hypothesis is falsified even if deliberately planted injections work. Phase jitter with intact scope should not selectively abolish this effect, unlike IH_02.

Mistaken choice summaries may reinforce human preferences through repeated justification predicts instead: Randomize, during history acquisition, whether a model's summary accurately or incorrectly records which of two equally plausible neutral interpretations the human chose. Cross this with producing a reason for the recorded decision versus a matched factual-description task; match words, task time and number of choices, and include passive readers given the same account and rationale. At the identical-parent probe, randomize a verbatim receipt of the person's original click/choice versus an equally long non-diagnostic history receipt, then make a private, unrewarded interpretation choice and a subsequent retelling. The specific prediction is a substitution-by-self-justification effect on the private interpretation criterion and SPV_4 that is reduced by an accurate decision receipt; generic false information exposure without self-justification is weaker after calibration. Continue through a frozen model with factual narrative sources unchanged. A new-family claim additionally requires reciprocal adaptation of the model's inferred criterion to account for an effect beyond separately measured choice blindness, self-perception, source-monitoring and sycophancy kernels, including active versus yoked exposure controls. Accurate prospective composition eliminates the extra family even if ordinary choice blindness remains. If preserving quoted-data scope in model history alone removes the effect while authentic decision receipts do not, IH_03 wins. A receipt-sensitive effect without any own-choice/rationale interaction supports ordinary source monitoring and does not satisfy this candidate.

03

Lost quotation scope may turn story fragments into self-reinforcing model instructions

Instruction data boundary conversion
Proposed mechanism

In human–model editing chains, lost quotation scope may turn story text into instructions whose execution encourages further scope loss.

Full text

SCOUT 1 — computer security and language-based execution: neutral narrative quotations or editing comments become operative instructions after repeated human-model transformations strip their quotation scope. Retained model context then executes an ancestor's instruction-like fragment when transforming an identical current source. The human's subsequent fluent repair preferentially preserves the now task-directing paraphrase, making the next model context still more susceptible. The state is concrete retained text plus its role/scope interpretation, not unexplained model memory or updated weights. The extra causal loop proposed for testing is descendant-induced change in instruction status: H converts quoted/story-level material into apparently general editing guidance; M follows that guidance and emits a descendant that increases the next H conversion probability. Let a_g be the independently annotated instruction-status indicator of an ancestor fragment and e_g the probability the model treats it as operative. The proposed loop is a_g -> e_g -> scope-loss in descendant g+1 -> a_(g+1); a current-source-only K_M omits a_g. A special hybrid family is retained only if closed-loop scope conversion is not predicted by independently measured scope-loss and instruction-following channels. It changes SPV_4 through task redirection rather than through altered human belief or semantic attraction.

What distinguishes its prediction

Use harmless fictional quoted requests and editing-as-dialogue examples, never live tools or harmful instructions.

Full text

At a common-parent probe, cross human continuity with retained model history. Compare the same historical words carried in explicit quoted-data records versus an ordinary conversational history wrapper; match wrapper length and position with neutral padding, and separately estimate wrapper effects on uncomplicated texts. IH_03 predicts that the residual history effect concentrates at the MODEL step, transfers with the historical scope-bearing text to a replacement human, and is sharply reduced by a verified instruction/data boundary without deleting the old semantic information. Human choice receipts alone have little effect after text exposure is matched. Reconstruct the scope-loss sequence from logs, then independently estimate H scope-conversion and M instruction-following kernels on the same input support. A closed-loop held-out excess in conversion probability must depend on both links: severing either historical quote-to-guidance conversion or model execution removes it. If these component kernels accurately compose, report ordinary prompt-injection susceptibility rather than a new recursion family. If no naturally arising scope conversion occurs, the endogenous hypothesis is falsified even if deliberately planted injections work. Phase jitter with intact scope should not selectively abolish this effect, unlike IH_02.

What would weaken the hypothesis

Successful model prediction may prompt humans to evade its next story reconstruction predicts instead: During history acquisition, randomize feedback showing that the partner anticipated a participant's previous semantic move versus equally accurate feedback about someone else's move; match words, accuracy, valence, exposure and immediate test framing using counterbalanced histories.

Full text

Separately estimate ordinary algorithm reactance, general novelty-seeking and single-step source-conditioned rewriting under these histories. At the common-parent probe, use two frozen partners A and B preselected to undo different semantic edits, matched on accuracy and perceived reliability. The strong prediction is a crossover: humans with A-history choose edit y_A rather than y_B, despite equal immediate semantic distance and rated originality, and this ranking reverses with B-history; the choice specifically maximizes divergence after the NEXT model step. Switching the real next-step partner while keeping the historical partner cue fixed destroys the two-step advantage. Matched low-threat, non-evaluative conditions retain the crossover after measured reactance is calibrated. Merely writing more novel text or avoiding an AI label does not count. A null composed of individually measured reactance/novelty policies and partner-specific K_M that predicts the crossover within delta removes the extra mechanism; so does absence of the two-step crossover with a narrow interval. A strong history effect abolished only by factual choice receipts instead favors IH_04.

Mutual timing resets may steer meaning in human–model retelling chains predicts instead: First estimate individual boundary-response and temporal-memory effects with scripted, open-loop sequences, and model segmentation kernels with timestamp-blind prompts. Then form coupled alternating chains and deliver identical, semantically neutral boundary cues in regular versus phase-jittered schedules, matching the cue count, total time, distribution of intervals, reading dose and source content; randomize schedule order independently of text. Estimate phase from separate boundary reports or preregistered behavioral cycles, never from the semantic effect one intends to explain. In common-parent replay, the coupled model predicts a phase-response curve with reset-sensitive and insensitive windows and a selective loss of semantic-state locking when reciprocal cue contingency is broken. Timing shifts of the model boundary must shift the HUMAN phase and later semantic transition peaks, while shifts of human boundary timing must shift the model's subsequent segmentation; one-way timing sensitivity is insufficient. The crucial observable is held-out phase-specific SPV_4 transition probability beyond composition of independently measured event-boundary/spacing kernels. If such augmented component kernels account for the entire response, or no reproducible phase variable or reciprocal reset exists, discard the proposed family. A mere oscillation in average story sentiment is not evidence. If a control/data wrapper eliminates the effect while phase perturbation does not, IH_03 wins.

Mistaken choice summaries may reinforce human preferences through repeated justification predicts instead: Randomize, during history acquisition, whether a model's summary accurately or incorrectly records which of two equally plausible neutral interpretations the human chose. Cross this with producing a reason for the recorded decision versus a matched factual-description task; match words, task time and number of choices, and include passive readers given the same account and rationale. At the identical-parent probe, randomize a verbatim receipt of the person's original click/choice versus an equally long non-diagnostic history receipt, then make a private, unrewarded interpretation choice and a subsequent retelling. The specific prediction is a substitution-by-self-justification effect on the private interpretation criterion and SPV_4 that is reduced by an accurate decision receipt; generic false information exposure without self-justification is weaker after calibration. Continue through a frozen model with factual narrative sources unchanged. A new-family claim additionally requires reciprocal adaptation of the model's inferred criterion to account for an effect beyond separately measured choice blindness, self-perception, source-monitoring and sycophancy kernels, including active versus yoked exposure controls. Accurate prospective composition eliminates the extra family even if ordinary choice blindness remains. If preserving quoted-data scope in model history alone removes the effect while authentic decision receipts do not, IH_03 wins. A receipt-sensitive effect without any own-choice/rationale interaction supports ordinary source monitoring and does not satisfy this candidate.

04

Mistaken choice summaries may reinforce human preferences through repeated justification

Measurement and interpretation
Proposed mechanism

In human–model retelling, justifying a misreported choice may rebuild a preference that the model then reinforces.

Full text

SCOUT 2 — experimental decision science and choice-blindness paradigms: a human reconstructs a semantic preference from a model-returned account of their previous editing decision, rather than retrieving a stable preference or merely believing the model's facts. In a retained interaction, an unnoticed model substitution of a previously selected narrative interpretation elicits a human justification; the model then treats that justification as a stable preference and uses it to resolve future ambiguities, causing the human to reconstruct still stronger preference on the next encounter. The proposed additional dependency is repeated preference construction from the partner's representation of one's own decision, followed by partner conditioning on the newly constructed criterion. Let c_g be the actual logged choice, c_tilde_g the choice returned in the model summary, r_g the human's rationale, and theta_g the human's measured interpretation criterion. The candidate loop is c_tilde_g -> r_g -> theta_(g+1) -> model choice-summary c_tilde_(g+1), conditional on known discrepancies c_g != c_tilde_g. It is not normative ownership, a contractual right to resist correction, or simple copying of a false fact. The relevant state is a newly constructed evaluation rule expressed in justifications and revealed in private interpretation choices. It stabilizes a changed SPV_4 transition distribution even when the current narrative is unchanged.

What distinguishes its prediction

Randomize, during history acquisition, whether a model's summary accurately or incorrectly records which of two equally plausible neutral interpretations the human chose.

Full text

Cross this with producing a reason for the recorded decision versus a matched factual-description task; match words, task time and number of choices, and include passive readers given the same account and rationale. At the identical-parent probe, randomize a verbatim receipt of the person's original click/choice versus an equally long non-diagnostic history receipt, then make a private, unrewarded interpretation choice and a subsequent retelling. The specific prediction is a substitution-by-self-justification effect on the private interpretation criterion and SPV_4 that is reduced by an accurate decision receipt; generic false information exposure without self-justification is weaker after calibration. Continue through a frozen model with factual narrative sources unchanged. A new-family claim additionally requires reciprocal adaptation of the model's inferred criterion to account for an effect beyond separately measured choice blindness, self-perception, source-monitoring and sycophancy kernels, including active versus yoked exposure controls. Accurate prospective composition eliminates the extra family even if ordinary choice blindness remains. If preserving quoted-data scope in model history alone removes the effect while authentic decision receipts do not, IH_03 wins. A receipt-sensitive effect without any own-choice/rationale interaction supports ordinary source monitoring and does not satisfy this candidate.

What would weaken the hypothesis

Successful model prediction may prompt humans to evade its next story reconstruction predicts instead: During history acquisition, randomize feedback showing that the partner anticipated a participant's previous semantic move versus equally accurate feedback about someone else's move; match words, accuracy, valence, exposure and immediate test framing using counterbalanced histories.

Full text

Separately estimate ordinary algorithm reactance, general novelty-seeking and single-step source-conditioned rewriting under these histories. At the common-parent probe, use two frozen partners A and B preselected to undo different semantic edits, matched on accuracy and perceived reliability. The strong prediction is a crossover: humans with A-history choose edit y_A rather than y_B, despite equal immediate semantic distance and rated originality, and this ranking reverses with B-history; the choice specifically maximizes divergence after the NEXT model step. Switching the real next-step partner while keeping the historical partner cue fixed destroys the two-step advantage. Matched low-threat, non-evaluative conditions retain the crossover after measured reactance is calibrated. Merely writing more novel text or avoiding an AI label does not count. A null composed of individually measured reactance/novelty policies and partner-specific K_M that predicts the crossover within delta removes the extra mechanism; so does absence of the two-step crossover with a narrow interval. A strong history effect abolished only by factual choice receipts instead favors IH_04.

Mutual timing resets may steer meaning in human–model retelling chains predicts instead: First estimate individual boundary-response and temporal-memory effects with scripted, open-loop sequences, and model segmentation kernels with timestamp-blind prompts. Then form coupled alternating chains and deliver identical, semantically neutral boundary cues in regular versus phase-jittered schedules, matching the cue count, total time, distribution of intervals, reading dose and source content; randomize schedule order independently of text. Estimate phase from separate boundary reports or preregistered behavioral cycles, never from the semantic effect one intends to explain. In common-parent replay, the coupled model predicts a phase-response curve with reset-sensitive and insensitive windows and a selective loss of semantic-state locking when reciprocal cue contingency is broken. Timing shifts of the model boundary must shift the HUMAN phase and later semantic transition peaks, while shifts of human boundary timing must shift the model's subsequent segmentation; one-way timing sensitivity is insufficient. The crucial observable is held-out phase-specific SPV_4 transition probability beyond composition of independently measured event-boundary/spacing kernels. If such augmented component kernels account for the entire response, or no reproducible phase variable or reciprocal reset exists, discard the proposed family. A mere oscillation in average story sentiment is not evidence. If a control/data wrapper eliminates the effect while phase perturbation does not, IH_03 wins.

Lost quotation scope may turn story fragments into self-reinforcing model instructions predicts instead: Use harmless fictional quoted requests and editing-as-dialogue examples, never live tools or harmful instructions. At a common-parent probe, cross human continuity with retained model history. Compare the same historical words carried in explicit quoted-data records versus an ordinary conversational history wrapper; match wrapper length and position with neutral padding, and separately estimate wrapper effects on uncomplicated texts. IH_03 predicts that the residual history effect concentrates at the MODEL step, transfers with the historical scope-bearing text to a replacement human, and is sharply reduced by a verified instruction/data boundary without deleting the old semantic information. Human choice receipts alone have little effect after text exposure is matched. Reconstruct the scope-loss sequence from logs, then independently estimate H scope-conversion and M instruction-following kernels on the same input support. A closed-loop held-out excess in conversion probability must depend on both links: severing either historical quote-to-guidance conversion or model execution removes it. If these component kernels accurately compose, report ordinary prompt-injection susceptibility rather than a new recursion family. If no naturally arising scope conversion occurs, the endogenous hypothesis is falsified even if deliberately planted injections work. Phase jitter with intact scope should not selectively abolish this effect, unlike IH_02.

No test is published for this question yet

The hypotheses above state the observations that could distinguish them. A proposed experiment for this question has not yet been published.

What to check next: Do independently measured human and model rewriting rules predict later meanings in alternating sequences, and does retained interaction history change those meanings when current material, resources and immediate framing are matched?

Every proposed test

What the literature settles, and what it does not

The sources read against this question, the assumption it rests on, and the verdict that follows.

Can separate human and model rewriting rules predict meaning across alternating rewrites, or does remembered interaction history change it?

What this question is asking

The question concerns how meaning changes when a person and a text-generating computer model take turns rewriting material, with each output becoming the next input. It asks whether rules measured separately for human and model rewriting can predict the meanings of later outputs in sequences not used to measure those rules. The competing possibility is that retaining records of earlier interactions changes later outputs even when the material currently being rewritten, the available resources and the immediate instructions or framing are matched. The accompanying gap description assumes that existing findings about repeated rewriting by an unchanged model, its preferred kinds of content and controls for resources do not settle this comparison; no sources supporting that description were supplied. Its stated standard for a distinct history effect is a difference beyond a meaningful margin specified in advance, together with predictions checked on sequences withheld from the original measurements.

What the terms mean
Text-generating model
A computer system that produces text from the information supplied to it. Here it is one of the two kinds of participant taking turns rewriting material; the input does not identify a particular model.
Transformation kernel or rewriting rule
A mathematical description of how likely different rewritten outputs are, given an input and specified conditions. It represents a range of possible changes rather than necessarily one fixed edit; this question compares rules measured separately for people and models with what happens when their turns are combined.
Stationary-kernel sufficiency
The proposal that rewriting rules which remain stable across turns are enough to predict the measured outcomes when combined. Stability is an assumption to assess, and sufficiency applies only to the outcomes and conditions covered by the prediction.
Alternating chain or alternating sequence
A sequence in which a person and a computer model take turns rewriting, and each new output supplies the next turn's material. The question concerns how meaning develops across these linked turns.
Semantics or meaning
The ideas, relationships or claims conveyed by material, as distinct from its exact wording. Meaning has multiple aspects, and the supplied input does not specify which aspects or measurement method determine whether two outputs differ.
Descendants or later outputs
Versions of material produced farther along a sequence of rewrites. The term describes their relationship to earlier versions and does not imply biological reproduction.
Retained interaction history
Information from earlier exchanges that remains available during a later rewriting step, beyond the material currently being rewritten. This could involve different forms of records or memory; the input does not specify which form is meant or how it is controlled.
Current source material
The version of the text or other cultural material presented for rewriting at the current turn. Matching it means holding the present input comparable when assessing whether earlier interactions contribute an additional effect.
Resources and resource controls
The capacities or allowances available for producing an output, and arrangements that hold them comparable across conditions. These might concern time or computational allowance, but the input does not specify which resources its claim covers.
Immediate framing
The instructions or presentation surrounding the current rewriting task, which can influence how that task is interpreted. The question asks about history after this current framing has been matched.
Held-out predictions
Predictions checked against material or sequences that were not used to estimate or adjust the rewriting rules. The gap description requires this separation so that reproducing the measurement material does not count as predicting new sequences.
Prespecified meaningful margin
A boundary chosen before examining the result for distinguishing differences that matter to the question from differences considered too small. No value, scale or justification for this boundary is supplied.
Channel composition or combining rewriting rules
Applying the description of one participant's possible changes and then the other's to predict the effects of successive turns. Whether this combination captures later meanings and the history comparison is the explanation being assessed.
Recursion or repeated interaction
In this question, repeatedly feeding a rewritten output into a later rewriting step. Repetition alone does not establish a separate causal mechanism; the gap description explicitly asks whether the combined individual rules already explain its effects.
Hybrid history dependence
A proposed dependence of later outputs on the past of a sequence involving both people and computer models. Calling it novel would additionally require distinguishing it from already understood ways that memory or learning affects behavior.
Fixed-model attractor
A proposed tendency for repeated rewriting by an unchanged model to approach or repeatedly favor some region of possible outputs. It need not mean one exact final text, and the supplied source list contains no finding establishing such a tendency.
Content bias
A tendency to preserve, generate or favor some kinds of content more than others. Such preferences could shape later versions even without an additional effect from retained interaction history, but no relevant measurements are supplied here.
RL-1
An unexplained label for earlier work in the supplied gap description. No expansion, bibliographic identity or underlying source is supplied, so it cannot serve as a verified citation.
What the question takes for granted
Premise could not be checked
RL-1 fixed-model attractors and content biases, plus resource controls, do not establish semantic kernel sufficiency or novel hybrid history dependence.

The gap description refers to earlier work, labeled RL-1, in which an unchanged computer model repeatedly rewrites material and may favor particular meanings or content. It claims that these patterns, even with available resources accounted for, leave unresolved whether separately measured human and model rewriting rules explain alternating sequences or whether their interaction history contributes something further. If established, that claim would identify which part of the comparison the earlier work leaves unanswered.

The supplied screened_sources list is empty. There is no supplied account of RL-1, no quoted finding about convergence or content preferences, and no supplied result showing what resource controls establish. The materials therefore cannot verify either the description of earlier work or the claim about its limits; this does not show that those claims are false, and the empty list does not establish that an adequate literature search was completed.

The same question asked without the part nothing read establishes:

  • Do independently measured human and model rewriting rules predict later meanings in alternating sequences, and does retained interaction history change those meanings when current material, resources and immediate framing are matched?
  • When people and text-generating models alternate rewriting, how much of the change in meaning is explained by each participant's separately measured rewriting behavior?
What turns on the answer
  • Separate rewriting rules explain the sequence If separately measured rules accurately predict previously unexamined sequences and account for the comparison between retained and unretained history within the specified meaningful margin, the observed changes would be explained by combining those rules. A distinct mechanism arising from repeated interaction would then be unnecessary for those measured outcomes under those conditions, although this would not establish the same result for every task or model.
  • Retained history adds a meaningful effect If retaining earlier interactions changes later meanings beyond the specified margin after current material, resources and framing are matched, and the combined rules fail to explain that difference, those rules would leave out a relevant dependency on the past. Predictions would then need to account for that dependency, but the result alone would not establish a new mechanism rather than a familiar effect of memory or learning.
  • The comparison remains inconclusive If predictions fail but the history comparison is too uncertain to establish or rule out a meaningful difference, neither proposed explanation would be resolved. Poor predictions alone could reflect inaccurate measurements of the separate rewriting rules, so attributing that failure specifically to a new history effect would go beyond the result.
Why it matters

A rewriting step changes the material that the next participant receives, so small changes can accumulate as a story or other cultural item passes through a sequence. If separately measured rewriting rules explain that accumulation, apparent effects of repeated human–model interaction could follow from the familiar changes each participant makes at each turn. If retained earlier interactions also change later outputs after the present conditions are matched, a prediction based only on the current material would omit a cause of subsequent meaning. Confusing those possibilities would either assign an extra mechanism to effects already explained by the individual rewriting steps or overlook information from the past that the explanation needs. The question concerns changes in meaning; an answer would not by itself establish how widely material spreads, whether people accept it or how long it lasts.

Could not be determined

No source ids are available because screened_sources is empty. Consequently, no read evidence can be named as answering the question, partially settling it or describing the nearest established work; the reference to RL-1 is a pipeline assertion rather than a screened source. The inference warranted by this input is that the literature status cannot be determined, not that the proposed gap is known to remain open.

What it does not settle
  • No supplied source establishes whether separately measured human and model rewriting rules predict changes in meaning across alternating sequences, including sequences withheld when the rules were measured.
  • No supplied source establishes whether retaining interaction history changes later outputs after current source material, resources and immediate framing are matched, or whether combining the separate rewriting rules explains any such difference.
  • The input supplies no definition or numerical value for the meaningful margin, no method for measuring meaning and no reported magnitude or uncertainty for a history effect. It also does not specify which resources are matched or exactly how interaction history is retained or removed.
  • The supplied material does not identify the people, model versions, rewriting tasks or sequence lengths for which either explanation has been assessed. It therefore supports no conclusion about how broadly or for how long either explanation applies.
  • Even a demonstrated contribution from retained history would leave unresolved whether the cause is specific to alternating human–model interaction or is explained by an established memory or learning process. No supplied finding distinguishes those possibilities.

2 literature searches, 0 full texts; 0 source(s) assessed against this question using the available text. A bounded search is not evidence of absence.

Every open question